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音頻科普：想要進化成須鯨，先脫落你的牙齒
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音頻科普：想要進化成須鯨，先脫落你的牙齒
?Whale ancestors probably never had teeth and baleen at the same time, and only developed baleen after trying toothlessness and sucking in prey.鯨類的祖先可能從來沒有同時擁有過牙齒和鯨須，只有在嘗試無牙生活和吮吸獵物后才發(fā)展出鯨須。
撰文\播音：安妮·斯尼德Annie Sneed
翻譯：邱燕寧
審校：張清越
?
Baleen whales are the gentle giants of the sea.?Despite their colossal size, they feed on tiny creatures such as krill and zooplankton. That’s because these whales, instead of teeth, have bristle-like structures in their mouth—baleen—which filters out small critters from big gulps of water. But the?ancestors of baleen whales had a very different diet. ?
須鯨是海洋中溫和的龐然大物。盡管它們體型龐大，但它們只以磷蝦和浮游動物等微小生物為食。這是因為這些鯨類口中，類似剛毛結構的鯨須取代了牙齒，而這些鯨須能從大量的水中過濾出微小的生物。但是須鯨的祖先們卻有著非常不同的飲食。
“So, the oldest whales that we know—these are the ancestors not just of the great whales like the blue whale and the humpback whale, but also of all of the dolphins in the sea today—they had fairly big teeth.”
“我們知道的最古老的鯨魚——不僅是藍鯨和座頭鯨等大型鯨魚的祖先，而還是如今海里所有海豚的祖先——它們的牙齒相當大。”
Felix Marx, a postdoctoral research fellow at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.
菲利克斯·馬克思，比利時皇家自然科學研究所博士后研究員說。
“And the most common idea is that they ate relatively large fish, and for some of the biggest ones… there are some studies that looked specifically of the wear of those teeth at the microscopic level, and they seem to suggest that they ate almost anything that they came across. The point is that they had big teeth that were really sharp, and that were even, relative to the size of their jaws, were relatively large, so they were really predators.”
“最普遍的觀點是，它們吃的是相對較大的魚，甚至一些最大的魚……有一些研究專門檢查了這些牙齒在顯微鏡下的磨損程度，這些研究似乎表明，它們幾乎吃了遇到的任何東西。關鍵在于它們的牙齒非常鋒利，而且即使相對于它們的下顎的尺寸來說，它們的牙齒也是相當大的，所以它們是真正的掠食者。”
So where did baleen come from? Marx and his colleague Ewan Fordyce set out to answer this question. They analyzed the mouth of a 34-million-year-old fossil of one of the earliest baleen whales, called?Llanocetus denticrenatus, found in Antarctica. And they concluded that?Llanocetus?had sharp teeth and large gums—but no baleen.
那么須鯨是從哪里來的呢?馬克思和他的同事伊萬·弗迪斯想著手回答這個問題。他們分析了一塊3400萬年前的鯨類口部化石，這塊化石是在南極洲發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的須鯨之一，名為蘭頭鯨。他們得出結論，蘭頭鯨有鋒利的牙齒和巨大的牙齦，但沒有鯨須。
Their findings argue against one of the ideas about how baleen evolved—that at some point whales had both teeth and baleen. “Llanocetus?is the first and it’s the only specimen, the only species, the only archaic whale, that makes a very clear case that, no, this coexistence of baleen and teeth, as it was just imagined basically…based on what modern whales looked like, didn't work. It didn't exist in that sense.” The finding is in the journal?Current Biology. [R. Ewan Fordyce and Felix G. Marx,?Gigantism Precedes Filter Feeding in Baleen Whale Evolution]
他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)反駁了關于鯨須是如何進化的一種觀點——那就是，在某個時間點，鯨既有牙齒又有鯨須。“蘭頭鯨是第一個也是唯一一個標本，唯一的物種，唯一的古老的鯨魚，它清楚地證明了，不，這種長須鯨和牙齒的共存，基本上是基于現(xiàn)代鯨魚的樣子想象出來的，而這是行不通的。從這個意義上說，它并不存在。”這一發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在《當代生物學》雜志上。
So how did some whales go from chomping predators to filter feeders? “Baleen is effectively an outgrowth of the gums, and that probably only happened once the teeth had already been lost or maybe had been severely reduced. So we suggest this intermediate phase where you start with teeth and biting, then you start sucking your food, then because you suck in small things, you start to develop a filter and eventually you become a proper filter feeder.”
那么，一些鯨魚是如何從咀嚼捕食者變成過濾捕食者的呢?“鯨須實際上是牙齦發(fā)育而來的，這種情況可能只有在牙齒已經(jīng)脫落或嚴重脫落時才會發(fā)生。”所以我們認為這個中間階段從用牙齒咬東西開始，繼而開始吮吸食物，后來因為吮吸小的東西，漸漸發(fā)展出一個過濾器官，最終成為一個合適的濾食者。”
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?Whale ancestors probably never had teeth and baleen at the same time, and only developed baleen after trying toothlessness and sucking in prey.鯨類的祖先可能從來沒有同時擁有過牙齒和鯨須，只有在嘗試無牙生活和吮吸獵物后才發(fā)展出鯨須。
撰文\播音：安妮·斯尼德Annie Sneed
翻譯：邱燕寧
審校：張清越
?
Baleen whales are the gentle giants of the sea.?Despite their colossal size, they feed on tiny creatures such as krill and zooplankton. That’s because these whales, instead of teeth, have bristle-like structures in their mouth—baleen—which filters out small critters from big gulps of water. But the?ancestors of baleen whales had a very different diet. ?
須鯨是海洋中溫和的龐然大物。盡管它們體型龐大，但它們只以磷蝦和浮游動物等微小生物為食。這是因為這些鯨類口中，類似剛毛結構的鯨須取代了牙齒，而這些鯨須能從大量的水中過濾出微小的生物。但是須鯨的祖先們卻有著非常不同的飲食。
“So, the oldest whales that we know—these are the ancestors not just of the great whales like the blue whale and the humpback whale, but also of all of the dolphins in the sea today—they had fairly big teeth.”
“我們知道的最古老的鯨魚——不僅是藍鯨和座頭鯨等大型鯨魚的祖先，而還是如今海里所有海豚的祖先——它們的牙齒相當大。”
Felix Marx, a postdoctoral research fellow at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.
菲利克斯·馬克思，比利時皇家自然科學研究所博士后研究員說。
“And the most common idea is that they ate relatively large fish, and for some of the biggest ones… there are some studies that looked specifically of the wear of those teeth at the microscopic level, and they seem to suggest that they ate almost anything that they came across. The point is that they had big teeth that were really sharp, and that were even, relative to the size of their jaws, were relatively large, so they were really predators.”
“最普遍的觀點是，它們吃的是相對較大的魚，甚至一些最大的魚……有一些研究專門檢查了這些牙齒在顯微鏡下的磨損程度，這些研究似乎表明，它們幾乎吃了遇到的任何東西。關鍵在于它們的牙齒非常鋒利，而且即使相對于它們的下顎的尺寸來說，它們的牙齒也是相當大的，所以它們是真正的掠食者。”
So where did baleen come from? Marx and his colleague Ewan Fordyce set out to answer this question. They analyzed the mouth of a 34-million-year-old fossil of one of the earliest baleen whales, called?Llanocetus denticrenatus, found in Antarctica. And they concluded that?Llanocetus?had sharp teeth and large gums—but no baleen.
那么須鯨是從哪里來的呢?馬克思和他的同事伊萬·弗迪斯想著手回答這個問題。他們分析了一塊3400萬年前的鯨類口部化石，這塊化石是在南極洲發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的須鯨之一，名為蘭頭鯨。他們得出結論，蘭頭鯨有鋒利的牙齒和巨大的牙齦，但沒有鯨須。
Their findings argue against one of the ideas about how baleen evolved—that at some point whales had both teeth and baleen. “Llanocetus?is the first and it’s the only specimen, the only species, the only archaic whale, that makes a very clear case that, no, this coexistence of baleen and teeth, as it was just imagined basically…based on what modern whales looked like, didn't work. It didn't exist in that sense.” The finding is in the journal?Current Biology. [R. Ewan Fordyce and Felix G. Marx,?Gigantism Precedes Filter Feeding in Baleen Whale Evolution]
他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)反駁了關于鯨須是如何進化的一種觀點——那就是，在某個時間點，鯨既有牙齒又有鯨須。“蘭頭鯨是第一個也是唯一一個標本，唯一的物種，唯一的古老的鯨魚，它清楚地證明了，不，這種長須鯨和牙齒的共存，基本上是基于現(xiàn)代鯨魚的樣子想象出來的，而這是行不通的。從這個意義上說，它并不存在。”這一發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在《當代生物學》雜志上。
So how did some whales go from chomping predators to filter feeders? “Baleen is effectively an outgrowth of the gums, and that probably only happened once the teeth had already been lost or maybe had been severely reduced. So we suggest this intermediate phase where you start with teeth and biting, then you start sucking your food, then because you suck in small things, you start to develop a filter and eventually you become a proper filter feeder.”
那么，一些鯨魚是如何從咀嚼捕食者變成過濾捕食者的呢?“鯨須實際上是牙齦發(fā)育而來的，這種情況可能只有在牙齒已經(jīng)脫落或嚴重脫落時才會發(fā)生。”所以我們認為這個中間階段從用牙齒咬東西開始，繼而開始吮吸食物，后來因為吮吸小的東西，漸漸發(fā)展出一個過濾器官，最終成為一個合適的濾食者。”
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